Development Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays

Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Essays Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Improvement Of Islamic Calligraphy Theology Religion Essay Prior to the coming to of Islam, the utilization of initiation was extremely least in Arab World. The insight of writing and poesy was spread from oral hole to talk. This example may result in the Arab universe ability of growing such a confused at this point wonderful etymological correspondence today. Be that as it may, when Islam showed up, there was a noteworthiness change in the way individuals imparted. The confidence trusters ( for example the Muslims ) attempted to happen a way to enter the guidelines from the Koran. On the other hand of using verbal conveying which may result in individuals unwittingly changed the substance of the Koran, or more regrettable, adjusted it, they utilized creating in books and humanistic orders to enter within informations of the Koran. In this way, despite the fact that the example of origin was one time non critical for individuals to pass on, the example turned into an inherent system in dispersing the directions of Islam a while later. In th is way, the use of forming to proceed with the Koran verses and directions was persistently evolved by the Muslims and in this way, turned into a visual craft of most elevated order[ I ]. This turn of events, in this way, empowered individuals who have neer included or communicate in craftsmanship, could make so by means of handwriting. From so onwards, the Islamic handwriting could be seen, either sacredly or masterfully, on buildings like mosques, graves or inscriptions and as adornments on ordnances, coins, and glass products. Islamic handwriting has since had numerous plans from the medium to disperse Koran directions to high terminal ability works. The Islamic handwriting shows numerous masterful purposes of positions. For outline, the lines must be sinuate and unit of ammo in signifier and exquisite in the movements of the shots that they should give the sentiment of being alive to the individuals who take a gander at the Hagiographas[ two ]. Not only in music and poesy that t hey need to hold beat, Islamic handwriting does each piece great. The lines shaped must go with effortlessness and beat, and every shots and bends adjusts itself in immaculate balance. Subsequently, it is irrefutable that the Islamic handwriting is the best masterful achievement in Islamic civilization[ three ]. The most punctual way of making for the duplicating out of the Koran was the Kufic until tenth century A.D. The Kufic has been adjusted into numerous signifiers and vacillations for the duplicating of the Koran. It was so proceeded until the twelfth century A.D. what's more, after which was superceded by some different habits like the Naskh. The Kufic Style Kufic was named after the town Kufa, where this way of making previously got an official position. This official affirmation gave the selectiveness for this way to be utilized in creating the Koran. Kufic is intense precise and olympian. This way, it is anything but difficult to recognize this structure by distinguishing the utilization of enormous level and short opposite lines. The even lines are typically multiplied in simple, pushing both the level configuration of the book and the book. Regularly, the all-inclusive even segment of an individual word can take up an entire line in the Koran. In its rough configurations, the kufic way does non incorporate diacritical Markss that may do off base readings among the perusers, in any case, in later turn of events, the kufic way was so fused with Markss to isolate characters. As expressed previously, there are numerous signifiers and changes of Kufic way. The initial 1 is foliated kufic. As such, the verticals end down the middle palmetto[ four ], and the finishing up letters in each word is stretched vertically stoping in a palmetto on ramifying into foliages. The leafing is farther underlined by environing the book with a worried type of foliages ( Fig. 1 ) . There is other than a comparative kind of kufic called the Floriated kufic with solitary little contrasts ( Fig. 2 ) . Fig. 1 Foliated Kufic way Fig.2 a frieze with Floriated Kufic lettering of a Koran verse Another sort of kufic is the plaited kufic, which is increasingly famous for restorative goals. As such, the opposite pieces of the letters were plaited into mind boggling hitches ( Fig. 3 ) . This sort of kufic is regularly utilized design adornment despite the fact that non confined to that map, it is other than observed in numerous textures and floor coverings. This kufic is progressively readable contrasted with different signifiers even on the most muddled interlaces. One more change to the kufic way initiation is the set kufic ( figure 4 ) . This is conceivably the hardest kufic way to be perused. This way is typically controlled and overstated in approaches to suit for ornamentation plans. The set kufic can be seen in about each inside plan of mosques or other otherworldly structures, which letterings are ordinarily verses of the Koran. Fig 3. Plaited/Knotted Kufic way Fig 4. A Bent Kufic way improvement at a mass of a mosque Despite the fact that there are numerous sorts of kufic during the initial two centuries of Hijra age, yet the improvement of kufic into any restorative signifier was least. The way used to make the Koran was in straightforward kufic ( Fig. 5 ) . Nonetheless, as the clasp went on, some Arabic improved the kufic way and do it progressively corrective by incorporating diacritical focuses and stamps ( Fig. 6 ) . For forming insightful, the kufic itself contrasts from the others. The uniqueness equivocations on how kufic has a run of the mill dimensional connection between the opposite and flat parts. Subsequently, for the restorative components to the kufic way, the calligraphist may include foliage, cringle, or some other geometrical figures to the letters, and the level lines so fall in every message to sort out a sentence. Accordingly, the kufic way was formed into an extremely restorative way that made it extremely difficult to be utilized in scripting the Koran. At that point the l onghand, less rakish, and less restorative way was acquainted and created by calligrapher with supplant kufic in forming the Koran. This way is known as the Naskh way. Fig. 5 Kufic in Early Koran ( without diacritical Markss ) Fig.6 Kufic in the Koran with diacritical Markss The Naskh Style The naskh way varies from its former, the kufic. On the other hand of being rakish, this way is increasingly cursive and unit of ammo. Its general belongingss speak to the cursive kufic mellowed to more extensive bends and more liberated expanses[ V ]( Fig. 7 ) . This way, exorbitantly, is increasingly completed as it has joined all the components that kufic way has. It gave the idea that this way has itself so natural developed as a restorative initiation, which makes the pulling it together becomes craftsmanship, differentiation to the kufic where the origin is ornamented to work the workmanship expectation. Naskh way other than plays out a general plan of Islamic handwriting that is to demo to perusers the intrigue contained in the shots and bends in anticipation of a cosmopolitan supplication of the enchanting and benevolent movements. Naskh characters were created in numerous signifiers in numerous states. Its unique birth topographic point was in Baghdad during the time of Abba sid calif[ six ], and was spread out to the full Islamic handwriting universe. Its most punctual signifier can be found in the word Maghribe ( Fig. 8 ) from the western bit of the universe and was attracted directly from the first origin kufic way. The naskhy Maghribe creation can be seen on remembrances in Samarkand, Istanbul, and different pieces of the western universe. There are other than other naskh way handwriting in the eastern universe like in cardinal Asia, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. This eastern naskh way needs to it a more extensive extent of hover border with the inclining shots flung fleetly into the signifier of Shikasta [ seven ]( Fig. 9 ) . Strangely, the improvements in the numerous states accordingly delivered numerous other naskh habits. Thulth, Riqa, Zulf-e-Aru s, Gulzar, Taus, Larza, and Manshur are different sorts of naskh with progressively restorative and corrective touch. Fig. 7 Naskh way Calligraphy Fig. 8 Maghreb verse in naskh way Fig. 9 Naskh way calligraphy-Shikasta The Incorporation of Decorations Enhancements are joined in the handwriting for some purposes. The initial 1 is to do the Hagiographas progressively restorative. By coordinating improvements like seriphs, leaflike vegetal adornments, or some diacritical imprints will do the Hagiographas progressively alluring and engaging towards the perusers. In Thulth way for delineation, which is another signifier of Naskh, the shots of the words take the signifier of sticker and bends are fluxing like H2O ( Fig. 10 ) . These enrichments can be found in commemorations, graves, and so on. Improvements are other than apparent in Riqa and Gulzar habits. The previous shows a smooth fluxing gave like a snake or conduit while the last nowadayss restorative lines that look like blossoms ( Fig. 11 ) and type of vivify creatures like Inachis io ( Fig. 12 ) . In add-on, there is one impossible to miss astute naskh way of making called the Tughra way. This way is in fact utilizes the sentences from Koran and makes them into the types of win ged creatures, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, and so forth with the exception of the un-clean vivify resembling fowl of Minerva or hoard. Along these lines, then again of making the verses out of Koran in the conventional way like naskh or kufic, by designing, the Hagiographas of verses have something that attracts individuals taking care of it, despite the fact that the Hagiographas may non be needfully be decipherable, this a decent first measure to introduce the directions of Islam to the individuals who may captivate to cognize more. The second plan is to differentiate the devout. The enrichments that are consolidated in the Hagiographas are mass in the position to respect or increase the Holy Koran. In spite of the fact that, there is no existent grounds on that announcement, one can derive from the represen

Jane Eyre Essay: Following the Moral Compass in Jane Eyre

Following the Moral Compass in Jane Eyre Jane Eyre is the ideal novel about maturing: a kid who is dealt with brutally holds herself together and figures out how to control her life forward with a driving heart that keeps her life inside actually felt moral limits. I saw Jane as a kid as very grown-up like: she fights it out conversationally with Mrs. Reed on a grown-up level right from the earliest starting point of the book. The hardship in her youth makes her outrageous requirement for moral accuracy authentic. For example, knowing her honorable stubborness as a kid, we can accept that she would later leave Rochester inside and out instead of carrying on with an existence of affection and extravagance just by ignoring a legitimate detail concerning his past union with a distraught lady. Her adolescence and her grown-up life are agreeable which gives the peruser the feeling of a total and credible character.             Actually, well into this book I was apprehensive it would have been another of those English open country, lady gets-hitched books. I was helped to remember a companion's remark a couple of years back to keep away from the Brontes at all costs. But obviously there is somewhat more than pursuing going on here. For instance, on the off chance that you contrast Jane and one of Jane Austen's young ladies coming into society, you have more experience, harshness, and association with nature. I don't think a Jane Austen character would meander around the backwoods, dozing without spread in the wilds of the night to demonstrate an ethical point. Jane Eyre can get soil under her fingernails- - that is the distinction. You likewise get more feeling in Jane Eyre, you feel with her, profound abhor (for Mrs. Reed), strict conviction (with ... ...fairly secretive language. He basically had his brain somewhere else, which is most likely why he wound up in India.             indeed, I am happy the book finished with the emphasis on the character of St. John rather than with Jane or Rochester, as it indications to us that the significance of the book isn't tied in with finding the opportune individual, becoming hopelessly enamored, and living cheerfully ever after. The topic of this book is tied in with following your still, small voice. In such manner, Jane and St. John both did likewise in this story: They both had solid, driving inner voices; the two of them were enticed yet sought after their course; and the two of them found a wonderful life at long last. This book isn't tied in with building up a relationship with a sentimental accomplice, however about building up a relationship and figuring out how to follow and live on top of your own ethical still, small voice.

Globalization and International Trade

Globalization and International Trade Globalization and International Trade Home›Economics Posts›Globalization and International Trade Economics PostsIntroductionThe class of Introduction to International Trade has been enlightening, particularly in relation to two ideasâ€"globalization and international trade and the cultural environment. The two topics are much related because as a business globalizes, it experiences different cultures that it needs to familiarize with.Globalization and International TradeBy definition, “globalization” is the growing mutuality of countries as a result of the growing consolidation of trade, finance, populations, and philosophies in a single global marketplace.  Evidently, globalization has considerably enhanced economic development in East Asian economies, including that of China, Korea, and Singapore. However, not every developing nation is equally apace in terms of globalization or likely to benefit from it. As a matter of fact, except for most some nations in Latin America and most in East Asia, developing nations have been considerably slow to be incorporated with the global economy. This was among the first ideas I learned about Globalization and International Trade.Another point I learned is that for the nations actively involved in globalization, the gains are coupled with new risks and disputes. Among the most debated topic is the balance of costs and benefits of globalization for various groups of nations and the global economy. For the involved nations, the key gains of unlimited foreign trade are based on the enhanced access of their producers to bigger, transnational markets. A related concept is that a local economy has an opportunity to benefit from access to international division of labor. However, such economy stands a risk of experiencing a much stronger competition in global marketplace. It is also important that an actively trading nation gains from the new technologies that bubble over to it from its trading counterparts, for instanc e, through the knowledge that comes with imported production equipment. Such technological bubble over are especially significance for developing nations since they present them with an opportunity to catch up with the developed nations more quickly in terms of productivity.I learned that globalization has its challenges tooâ€"active engagement in global trade has risks, especially those related to the fierce competition in global marketplace. For instance, a nation faces the risk that parts of its industries, especially the less competitive and adaptable, will be driven out of business. Additionally, authorities of developing nations much debate that industries established recently call for transitory protection until their competitiveness increases and become less vulnerable to international competition. For that reason, authorities often ban or cut down specific imports by bringing in quotas, or making imports costlier and less competitive by enforcing tariffs.A country that trie s to produce almost all that it needs, it domestically impoverishes itself of the tremendous economic gains of global specialization. However, narrow transnational specialization that makes a country contingent on exports of a few goods can as well be risky based on the likelihood of emergent unfavorable fluctuations in demand from the global marketplace. Such fluctuations can considerably a nation’s terms of trade worsen. When studying this subject matter, it became apparent that the main worry for transition economies is finding their position in the global division of labor. In many instance, that exertion implies diversifying the organization of exports, especially to developed nations. Another challenge associated with Globalization and International Trade has to do with Cultural Environment, but it is not always a challenge per se.Cultural EnvironmentIn the business world, sometimes culture is regarded as a variable that can be quantitatively evaluated. However, realisticall y, culture has an influence on each of the aspects of international business in a manner that withstands quantification and may be hard for foreigners to penetrate. A business organization’s culture, including its integration in its national culture and the level of receptivity to other cultures, is a factor that has growingly become important in global trade. The growth of affiliates, divisions, networks, confederations and other cooperative engagements, including joint ventures, has made it imperative for cross-cultural understanding. While global economies advance, women have a higher probability to be hired outside their homes, even in other countries far from their own. However, lack of equal access to educational opportunities, health, remunerations and political agency continue to exist. Besides, the fluctuating markets present excellent forecasts for development, but are diverse in terms of culture as well as levels of income.Most of the societies in the world are multi-cu ltural, and appreciating the patterns of convergence and divergence within them is significant to the success of an organizational in different national and cultural settings. In fact, I learnt that any consideration that globalization would make distance inapt, now looks misplaced. Besides, economic development comes with advanced consumer way of living to developing nation across the world, making up a sort of intersection that promoters of globalization foreshadowed. However, these societies are developing in directions that mirror their own internal cultures as well as values, in addition to diversity at the national level. Therefore, I was confident to conclude that cultural diversity is intermingling more and more with social as well as economic divisions, which brings about not only the creation of challenges, but of opportunities for global trade.ConclusionDespite all the benefits and challenges of Globalization and International Trade, it is important to note that its costs and gains also hinge on such factors as the size of a participating nation’s domestic market, its location, as well as the endowment of its natural resource.

How Adequately Intellectual Property Rights Protect the Position of the Creator - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2882 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This essay will consider the topic of how adequately intellectual property rights protect the position of the creator, with whom those rights may reside. The essay will deal with four specific areas of this topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (i) intellectual property patents; (ii) copyright; (iii) trade marks and (iv) industrial design law. The essay will deal with the nature of intellectual property rights, their scope and efficacy. Intellectual property rights, and their various forms These rights accrue where something is created, such as where a scientist invents a machine that performs a certain function. Intellectual rights are legal rights, and they give the creator a right to ensure that a creation is not reproduced, without the authorisation of the creator. The intellectual property right therefore protects the creation, since the creation can, and usually is a saleable commodity. By extension the rights of the creator are also protected, because the creator may enforce these legal rights against any third party who attempts to reproduce their creation without authorisation. Thus a creation attracts a range of legal protections that a creator can enforce, thereby protecting the profitability of the creation. Intellectual property rights can be transferred, as the right of protection is tied to the creation, more than it is to the creator, and this frequently occurs, for example in relation to the intellectual property rights in drugs that are owned originally by a given scientist, but transferred to the company that may employ the scientist, and fund their research. Intellectual property rights are protected depending on the nature of the item that is to be protected, and these protections can take specific forms such copyrights, or patents depending on the actual nature, properties and characteristics of what is to be protected. A patent offers protection regarding the intellectual property rights in a new invention. Patent protection is more directed at the process through which a creation is created . It focuses on the process itself, thereby protecting how a creation is created. There are certain criteria that apply to distinguish a patent as opposed to another form of intellectual property protection. These are: the invention must be new, and contain an innovative step that is original. There must be scope for the creation to be used within industry. In order to be patentable, the creation must not be a scienti fic, or mathematical discovery, theory or method, a literary work or some form of performance, a way of presenting information or of doing business or performing, a variety of animal or plant, a diagnostic technique or medical treatment. Furthermore a patent must not offend public policy or morality. A patent, therefore is where intellectual property rights accrue within a certain set of parameters, such as where a timescale applies. An example of this is the intellectual property rights that accrue to drugs manufacturers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are protected by patents, and international law provides that these last for a given length of time, which in turn enables third parties to reproduce the drug after the patent has expired. A patent must almost always be applied for, with the authorisation of the creator. Copyright protects particular types of works. Usually this is works that have an author, such as a book, article of some type of performance, such as a musical or other artistic performance. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives automatic protection to the work of such a creator. In the UK the main source of legislation that protects the position of the creator is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Adequately Intellectual Property Rights Protect the Position of the Creator" essay for you Create order The rights of creators under the various types of intellectual property rights In regards to copyright, there is no need to apply for a patent , although it must be borne in mind that particular exemptions apply. The operation of these exemptions offer some level of accessibility to third parties, who can reproduce the work for a particular, defined purpose without infringing the legal copyright of the creator. An example is where a book, protected by copyright is borrowed from the library by a student, and the student photocopies the contents of it for study purposes. The student is authorised under statute to do this, as long as the photocopy is used for this particular purpose. Likewise a tutor may use a book in the same manner. This exception is known as the fair-dealing exception. The protections available to copyright holders are premised on defaulted assumptions that operate automatically. This gives the creator a specific and in many senses, quite a clearcut level of protection where their copyright may have been infringed. The exemptions, while they appear to quite wide-ranging are nevertheless limited to very specific types of non-commercial situations, and due to this, it would be difficult for the exemptions to be abused in order for the intellectual property rights of the copyright holder to be infringed. The copyright, as far as this protects the position of the creator is therefore quite an effective construction. It may be seen as cost-effective as a copyright holder does not have to incur any expense prior to any potential infringement of their copyright. The rights of the copyright holder may therefore be seen as quite effectively protected under the law of England and Wales. The situation of the intellectual patent holder is different, for a number of reasons, and the case for how well the creator is protected under the system is not quite as clearcut. By contrast with the situation in respect of copyright holders, the intellectual property patent is a source of protection that must be applied for, and granted. Patent rules thereby impose an obligation on the creator to acquire protection, and to prove that the creation in question is worthy of such protection. In this sense the copyright protection accrues on a defaulted basis, whereas the patent is a different mechanism that must be activated, before it creates an enforceable right of intellectual property right protection. However, the automatic nature of the protection that is created by a copyright has the drawback that rights are qualified by statutory rules, and this is something that the intellectual property patent is not as susceptible to. The situation of the patent-holder creator is therefore affected by complex factors including the nature, and means through which intellectual property rights may be invoked and the manner is which they are created in the first place. The most starkly relevant point is the level of obligation placed upon the would-be patent holder who is the creator of an invention . This burden imposes a high level of expense on the part of the creator, and due to the availability of the mechanism, the recourse that may be affected by creators that fail to use it are quite limited. Furthermore, the creation of a patent does not offer a full level of protection to the patent holder, since any allegations that the patent has been infringed are subject to the burden of proof in legal proceedings and proving an infringement is yet another potential complex and expensive engagement with legal processes. On the other hand however, the obligation placed upon the patent holder requires the creator (or the third party to whom a creator may have passed their intellectual property rights to) to define their creation, and explain its purpose clearly, within documents that are recorded and held by third parties. This process may arguably safeguard the position of the patent holder since the prior description may be helpful in terms of proving any future potential infringements. The complex nature of the patent can also confer rights on the creator of a patent, where that creator has assigned the rights of the creation patented, to a third party such as an employer. This is a situation that is commonly experienced, where a pharmaceutical company, for example hires researchers to research the creation of new drugs. This was the situation in the case of James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) . The background to the case was that the claimants were employed by GE Healthcare (the respondents) and during the course of their research, commissioned by their employer they developed an extremely profitable creation, which their employer benefitted from immensely. The case appears to contradict the statutory provisions that govern patents commissioned by employers through research in these circumstances (section 39 of the Patents Act 1977), since these provisions automatically vest the rights arising from creations made in the course of employment into the possession of the employer. The judicial analysis in James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) identified the rights of the employees as limited, and the profit they made from the venture was actually referred to as compensation in the judgement, but the judgement nevertheless does appear to considerably strengthen the position of the creator, where the creator is employed and assigns the rights associated with their creation to a third party (in this case, the employer) . It may be argued therefore, that while there are considerable obligations placed upon a creator, in terms of obtaining patent protection, the developed body of patent law, regulation and rules appears to have quite an equitable approach to the enforcement of a patent, and this may not necessarily be visible within the other areas of intellectual property regulation. Trademarks, too are a separate category of intellectual property rights that have specific characteristics. A trademark is a mark that indicates or signifies information. It is usually used to indicate that particular items have a unique source, and trademarks are commonly used by businesses or individuals, so that their products or services may be distinguished readily among potential users of the trade-marked goods or services. Problems can arise with the use of these trade marks, for example a well known brand of boots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" UGG boots for example are known for their unique style, durability and quality. Another manufacturer can reproduce the boot, but use a trademark that is slightly different although not easily distinguishable from the original UGG logo. Due to the, customers identifying with the UGG brand can confuse the two, and purchase the other UGG brand. This can be potentially damaging to the original UGG provider for two main reasons. Firstly, it can divert business from the original UGG provi ders due to the confusion about the brand, and secondly where another provider sells poor quality boots, this can damage the reputation of the original UGG provider, where there is confusion about the trademark, due to similarity with other trademarks. These difficulties have resulted in trademarks being given intellectual property status, and legal protection. Again however, the protections offered in connection with trademarks are different from the other forms of intellectual property rights protections that have previously been discussed in the essay. Trademarks are protected where they are used in a market, or where they are registered. In this sense there is a dual form of legal protection available in contrast with the law of copyright, which is automatic and the patent, which requires registration. In this sense the trademark may be seen as having benefits associated with copyrighted material, as well as patented material. This being said however, the rights that ma y be enforced by the owner of a trademark that is not registered, are far more limited than the rights that may be enforced where the trademark is registered. Furthermore, there are additional costs burdens on complainants wishing to enforce intellectual property rights in connection with an unregistered trademark. Perhaps the main advantage of the particular operation of the trademark intellectual property right is the retrospective nature of the operation of the intellectual property right, which sets the trademark apart from the patent in many respects. The owner of a trademark must also grapple with the changing socio-political and socio-economic developments such as the increased use of global markets to conduct trade. The internet, likewise and the range of associated technological developments that have emerged over recent years, have also changed the nature of protections available to the owners of trademarks. In response to this the Madrid and CTM systems of t rademark registration have emerged. The Madrid system is an international system for the registration of trademarks, which enables a trademark to be registered across multiple jurisdictions. Likewise, the Community Trade Mark system is a trademark system that operates on the basis of EU policy, law and agreements. It enables trademarks to be registered across multiple jurisdictions. However, both of these systems have a single drawback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not fully international, and thus the owner of a registered trademark may be susceptible to infringements of their trademark intellectual property rights, where the agreements are not effective, for whatever reason. The Madrid system has proven to be the most successful, as problems have been identified with the dual approach to the protection of trademarks, under the Community Trade Mark system, given the fact that most EU jurisdictions have national schemes for the protection of trademarks, that operate in conjun ction with the EU-wide one. The Madrid system however, has a more central focus and it enables the owner of a trademark to file a single application for trademark protection, and use it to obtain protection in the other jurisdictions that are subscribed to the intellectual property rights protection system. That person attempting registration does not have to apply in the other jurisdiction also, and this means that the Madrid system is widely regarded as being more cost-effective. The situation of the creator in terms of industrial design law is essentially one that is highly specific and individual, setting it apart from the other areas of intellectual property concerns. The creator of an industrial design can acquire intellectual property rights to that design whether the design is registered or not. This sets it apart from the position of the patent. However, the structure of the design right may be seen as flawed however, given the length of time that an intellectual p roperty right can last (usually 15 years, and 25 in some cases). The time limits that apply to patents may be seen as more justifiable, give that on many occasions the removal of the patent paves the way for cheaper drugs manufacture in developing countries. This essay has considered four separate areas of intellectual property law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"copyright, trademarks, patents and industrial design law. The characteristics of each has been evaluated and considered. Essentially each intellectual property protection provision is different with its own approach to the protection of specific types of intellectual property rights. It has been argued that the operation of the protection and how it may be created is critical to the value of the protection offered to the creator. It has been argued that the position of the creator is arguably protected better in a situation where some form of retrospective remedy, or prior protection is given to the creator. Nevertheless, the regulation of patents, notwithstanding that it does not have this constitution, may be seen as progressive given the equitable approach to the assignment of rights from creators that are employees, to their employers that was demonstrated in the case of James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) . The essay has also addressed how the changing socio-political and socio-economic climate has affected the situation of the creator in terms of intellectual property protection. It has been argued that these changes have impacted the world of intellectual property protection by making it more complex, and more onerous on particular firms and businesses in terms of operating their businesses. It must be acknowledged however, that the framework for the operation of intellectual property protection is regulatory, and due to this it is quite impossible to have a perfect system. There will always be complexities and difficulties that arise from the very process of regulation. In the case of intellectual property protection it may be argued that the different legislation provisions that specifically target each area of intellectual property protection are unique and tailored to the particularities of their remits. Given this complex fabric, it is difficult to compare and contrast the systems, and identify one that is more flawed, or more advantageous to the situation of the creator. The writer has therefore attempted to highlight how each system may advantage and disadvantage the situation of the creator. Bibliography Books Banbridge, D. (2006) Intellectual Property (6th Edition) Longman, UK. Bently, L. and Sherman, B. (2004) Intellectual Property Law (2nd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lawson, F. and Rudden, B. (2002) The Law of Property (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, UK. Panesar, S. (2001) General Principles of Property Law (1st Edition) Pearson, UK. Articles Cohen, J. (2009) Share and share alike. The New Law Journal. 159 NLJ 465. Forte, P. (2008) In practice: legal update: copyright, music and exemption. The Law Society Gazette, 27th of November, 2008. Leong, S. (2007) Copyright infringement in a borderless world International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15 (38) Zeko, G. (2007) State Cyberspace jurisdiction and personal cyberspace jurisdiction International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15 (1) Other Sources Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2006) Copyright, Design Patent and Related Rights Nature of Copyright (Volume 9 (2) Paragraph 3) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Trademarks (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Patents (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Copyright (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (Volume 9 (2) Paragraph 54)

Same Sex Attracted Are More Vulnerable From A Mental Illness

The issue that will be investigated is ‘Those Who Are Same Sex Attracted Are More Likely to Suffer from a Mental Illness’. When comparing homosexual and bisexual people to heterosexuals, the homosexual and bisexuals are twice as likely to experience anxiety and are three times as likely to experience depression and related disorders. Previous studies and statistics will provide evidence that will support the statement being investigated. Campaigns will be illustrating how organisations are trying to prevent homophobia and improve the overall wellbeing of people who are same sex attracted. The three different kinds of homophobia being internalised, interpersonal and institutional will be explored, as well as the concept of heterosexism. The issues involving the government and the community creating prejudice will be examined. Including ways that members of the community and government can control discrimination providing social justice towards LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexu al, transgender and intersex) people. Homophobia includes discrimination or abuse, which is based on someone’s homosexuality or sexual orientation. This can negatively impact the emotional and physical wellbeing of people who are victimised. There are three main types of homophobia that are known as the three I’s, which are internalised, interpersonal and institutional. Internalised homophobia is the fear or hatred of homosexuality that exists in ones own mind, such as making a determined effort to dress orShow MoreRelatedChina s National Strategy Of Hiv / Aids Prevention Programs1346 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy of HIV/AIDS prevention, the group of men who have sex with men (MSM) has attracted much attention in the latest decade. 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Resume Free Essays

Developing departmental staff assessments, policy papers, directives, management policies, standards, and procedures involving the NRC protective force programs, protection program planning and Site and Security Plans. Conduct evaluations and inspections to ensure that Department facilities comply with established security standards and to determine the needs for adjustments or upgrades to the level of uniformed protection provided Conduct security inspections and security analyses of facilities involved in special program security test and evaluation programs. Identifies the necessary changes regarding policy, procedures, training and standards from inspections, surveys, and audits of the site. We will write a custom essay sample on Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now Results: Responsible for the training and instruction with established guidelines, standards in support of the nationally developed training programs regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Serving as one of Facility Security Officers in support of the security education, safeguard and administering self-inspections in support of the NRC Serving as one of the Security Technical Representative on Installation Access Control Systems I ark closely with contractors and other security professionals for security clearance and access within a regulated nuclear facility. Accountable for the continues evaluation of all the protective measures and procedures governed by both the NRC and Industry. I review and evaluate all access control systems and security systems. Work with security senior management, in making recommendations on the modifications and improvements in order to enhance physical security and increase the efficiency with in the nuclear facility. Control multi-disciplinary security training program and provide and train on government and industry standards which includes identifying the need for facility protection along with the development and maintaining the protection. Department of the Army, Fort Believe, Virginia Police Supervisor (Lieutenant) Directory of Emergency Services 1 11201 0 to 04/201 1 Supervised the training, and development of subordinate police officers and other assigned staff. Acts as first responder to all types of emergencies or volatile situations such as terrorist attacks, hostage/barricaded situations, mob threats, vehicle accidents, robberies, hazardous material incidents, and other emergencies. Assisted officers by providing interpretation of departmental policies and procedures. Performed as the leader of the tactical response team and assisted in training newly hired officers. Directed activities of personnel engaged in preparing budget proposals, maintaining police records, and recruiting staff. Results: Took relevant steps to establish new policies and procedures by maintaining and setting new standards. Commended on my abilities to revived proactive measures in ensuring and monitoring the department’s budget and spending habits. Awarded for my abilities to maintain a positive relationship with the community while enforcing the policies, regulations and law. CSS Army – ASPICS-E (U. S. Army Corrections Facility-Europe)/ Anaheim, Germany. Senior Corrections Supervisor, 08/2006 to 07/2010. Managed operations of a 146-bed, medium custody, joint-SE;CE corrections facility. Supervised facilities operations, physical security, safekeeping, custody and control of confined prisoners and staff of 100. Coordinated Security efforts across the organization, including Information Technology, Human Resources, Communications, Legal and Facilities Management. Developed internal management controls to identify resource requirements related to security, forwarded recommendations, corrected problem areas and conducting annual facility reviews. Maintained facility records and prepared daily reports and correspondence. Provide data entry into the security management system. Provided leadership with tracking all projects daily administrative duties. Oversee and provide a continuity of security for agility, personnel, visitor control, document control and equipment for all Special project Security matters. Results: Directed accreditation process with American Correctional Association, receiving overall rating of 98. 9 percent for its operation and physical security of the facility. Earned the USAF-See’s highest rating. Was the first of five facilities in the U. S. Army’s Corrections Command to receive USAF-See’s national and its only CA international accreditation. IIS Army – Co 701 SST Military Police Battalion/ Fort Leonard Wood, MO. Military Police and Corrections Committee Chief/ Instructor/Writer, 08/2001 to 08/2006. Provided administrative, logistical, personnel and training support to staff and students of U. S. Army Military Police School. Maintained use of two buildings, video equipment, communication systems, classrooms, audio-visual equipment and ammunition valued in excess of MM. Prepare correspondence, reports, and documents related to security duties in a articulate, perceptive, and tactful way. How to cite Resume, Papers

Domestic Violence Essay Research Paper For my free essay sample

Domestic Violence Essay, Research Paper For my psychological science paper I chose to make Service Learning. I volunteered 20 hours at the Benton County Women # 8217 ; s Shelter. I enjoyed the clip that I served at that place. They truly made me experience needed and welcome. I decided, nevertheless, that I would non be capable of a calling in this field. Merely in the little sum of clip that I volunteered there my bosom wrenched for the misss at that place. I felt helpless to make more for them. And yes, I even felt sorry for them. That is non to state that I am non traveling to go oning volunteering. I have arranged with the organisation to volunteer two Saturday # 8217 ; s a month. Possibly it is me that is weak. I suppose to some grade we are all weak. But the adult females I encountered there had the assurance of a kid merely get downing to walk: determined, but rickety. I couldn # 8217 ; t watch the interior struggle and trouble these adult females endure on a day-to-day footing. I have gained a regard and esteem for those who can. However, my chosen field of survey is Public Relations and it is my hope to someday derive a place at a charitable organisation and go a spokeswoman for a greater cause. The Benton County Women # 8217 ; s Shelter is a non-profit organisation, a corporation with an overall intent to work towards relieving the jobs of household force. They provide shelter, guidance and fiscal aids to adult females in an attempt to transfuse a sense of self-purpose and self-esteem. I learned within my first hours of service what a benefit this service is to the adult females at that place. Without it, several would hold no where to travel. However, through my voluntary work, I seemed to see the same form repetition itself over and over. The adult females had small or no self-esteem. Most came from poorness state of affairss. All of the adult females I encountered had kids. All seemed unsure of their ability to back up themselves and their kids. Alcohol reappeared over and over once more. Aggression jobs surfaced in both the adult females and their kids. Largely, all merely seemed lost and were seeking for a beginning of comfort and security. That is what we do at the B enton County Women # 8217 ; s Shelter. We give the adult females a sense of dignity. We teach them how to crush the rhythm of maltreatment. Domestic maltreatment in the United States is a large-scale and complex societal and wellness job. The household is possibly the most violent group, with the place being the most violent American establishment or puting today. Sadly plenty, the bulk of people who are murdered are non likely killed by a alien during a hold-up or similar offense but are killed by person they know. In one out of every six matrimonies, the married woman is physically William claude dukenfields 2 abused. Every 15 seconds a adult females is battered in the United States. Daily, four American adult females lose their lives to their hubbies or fellows, bing more than tierce of all female homicide victims. These Numberss report that excessively much force is directed toward adult females. Violent households are easy to depict but hard to explicate. Research on household maltreatment has, on a consistent footing, found that the phenomenon is associated with intergenerational transmittal, low socioeconomic position, societal and structural emphasis, societal isolation, and personality jobs or abnormal psychology. Traditional theories on the causes of domestic maltreatment focal point on such factors as people # 8217 ; s single features and life experiences, including the presence of jobs such as societal and structural emphasis, societal disaffection, unemployment, poorness, substance maltreatment, past kid maltreatment, personality upsets, abnormal psychology, and depression. While domestic maltreatment can be studied through # 8220 ; mental lenses # 8221 ; that are psychological or sociological in nature, it is of import besides to analyze this issue from a medical/public wellness position. While many theories have been proposed to explicate the causes of household maltreatment, one of the most utile has been the societal acquisition theory ( Wade and Tavris, 285-289 ) . It has been proposed that larning be composed of both a mold constituent and # 8220 ; mutual influence # 8221 ; . The latter suggests that we can determine our hereafters by act uponing our environments. In explicating how societal acquisition theory explains household maltreatment, psychologist O # 8217 ; Leary ( Wekesser and Swisher, 1994, 232 ) analyzed the effects of patterning on behaviour, the function of emphasis, the usage of intoxicant, the presence of relationship dissatisfaction, and aggression as a personality manner. Modeling involves the observation by the kid of physical aggression by the parents or the direct experience of holding been physically abused ( Websdale, 184-186 ) . In a survey of married woman maltreatment and matrimonial colza, it was found that sing parental force was every bit of import in making a future form of maltreatment as the direct ex perience of kid maltreatment itself. Modeling, hence, increases the likeliness that one will utilize force in order to manage interpersonal troubles. Domestic maltreatment typically follows a # 8220 ; rhythm of force # 8221 ; form. There are three stages in the rhythm of force: tension-building, acute banging and the honeymoon William claude dukenfields 3 stage. During the 10 sion-building stage, the batterer becomes progressively dark, hostile and critical of his spouse. Minor buffeting incidents may happen. During the acute banging stage, the batterer is likely to assail the victim. Major assault of the victim, physically and psychologically, normally distinguishes the ague buffeting incident from the minor banging incidents that may happen during the tension-building stage. Shortly after the ague buffeting stage is the honeymoon stage. The batterer may apologise, implore forgiveness, or assure that the violent behaviour will neer go on once more. There are legion replies to the normally asked inquiry of why a adult female would remain in an opprobrious relationship. For many adult females, no other beginnings of fiscal support or lodging exist. The duty of child care further complicates the job. The most serious ground for concern is the fright of requital by the maltreater. Batterers often threaten to kill the adult female or other household members if they tell anyone that they are being beaten. Despite the maltreatment, a adult female may still love her spouse and, accordingly, will lie to protect him. Many victims possess low self-prides caused by perennial maltreatment, both physical and emotional, and believe that they don # 8217 ; t merit aid. Finally, the pure fact of being embarrassed or ashamed may be sufficient ground for the victim to remain. Aside from medical and psychiatric intervention for hurts, possible victims of maltreatment can be given information and guidance from the wellness attention supplier in order to forestall farther victimization episodes. Patients can be informed about the hazard factors involved that would increase the opportunities of serious injury to them. Psychological guidance, administered by either the primary attention supplier or a mental wellness professional, can help the patient in stoping personal relationships with opprobrious persons. Additionally, the patient can be provided with telephone Numberss and encouraged to reach bing community resources such as crisis centres, shelters, protective service bureaus, or the constabulary section if there is fright of hurt. It # 8217 ; s astonishing to me that of all offenses in today # 8217 ; s society ; domestic force is the 1 that is still on the rise. It is clip to take domestic force earnestly and battle it sharply. In order for a positive alteration to happen, our legal system needs to protect the William claude dukenfields 4 battered and non the batterer. A bulk of beat-up adult females are murdered if they try to go forth an opprobrious state of affairs. Why is that? Because they don # 8217 ; t have the protection they need. The condemnable justness system needs to get down a victim resettlement plan for domestic maltreatment victims. This would guarantee their safety and let them adequate bravery to go forth a atrocious state of affairs. There are an estimated 1,500 adult females # 8217 ; s shelter in the United States today ; nevertheless, there are over 3,800 carnal shelters. In a state that detests racism and protests animal inhuman treatment, why are adult females and kids still subjected to anguish and force in their ain places at the custodies of their hubbies and male parents? In a politically right universe excessively many of us still view adult females and kids as inferior, as belongings. The media portrays adult females as sex symbols and frequently with a really noticeable deficiency of i ntelligence. Often physicians turn their dorsums on harm left as the consequence of maltreatment because of the fright of abashing their patients. It is clip to declare war on domestic force. Domestic force will ever be a portion of our civilization. Womans are still non considered equal and historically it was acceptable to crush your married woman if she was out of line. With today # 8217 ; s broken matrimonies and extended maltreatment of intoxicant and drugs, the affair will merely acquire worse. If strong enterprises are non instilled now, there will be many unneeded deceases due to the rise in maltreatment. It is of import that we, as a community, stand up and voice our detest of domestic force. It is of import for all of us to make up ones mind to help the beat-up alternatively of turning the other cheek. I am comparatively certain that at some point of everyone # 8217 ; s life they have been a witness of domestic force. I myself, remember when I was 11 old ages old, we heard the adult male in the flat next to ours, slapping his married woman about and naming her names. I asked my daddy if we shouldn # 8217 ; t name person. My pa responded that it is best to go forth your nose out of other twosome # 8217 ; s differences. I wonder if the adult females that was being beaten felt the same manner? It is no longer acceptable to # 8220 ; turn the other cheek # 8221 ; . You must stand up and talk out against domestic maltreatment. It will take 1000000s of really loud voices to stop the rhythm of maltreatment. You neer know when the battered will go your friend, your sister, your girl, or even yourself. Websdale, Neil. Rural Woman Battering And The Justice System, An Ethnography. Ed. Michelle Lingre. London: Sage, 1998. Swisher, Karin and Wekesser, Carol. Violence Against Women. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego, GA: Greenhaven Press, 1994. Wade, Carole Wade and Tavris, Carol. Invitation to Psychology. Ed. Priscilla McGreehon. New York: Longman, 1999.

As Much as He Could Live Essays - Five O Clock,

To the kids, he was the candy man. Every Saturday in synagogue he came with his suit coat pockets filled with sweets, and everyone at the service knew it. All of us grandchildren sat next to him, but every kid would stop by at least once to reach into his pocket. He would always fall asleep during the sermon, which provided ample opportunity to grab a little extra candy. But he always gave us what we wanted anyway. I spent the night at his house as often as I could. My grandmother and I played card games like "War" and "Go-fish." Afterwards, I would stay up late eating popcorn or ice cream and watching Love Boat and Fantasy Island with my grandfather. He would sit there in his boxer shorts and white T-shirt and laugh. When bedtime came around, I got to pick a book from his bookshelf in the hallway. There were lots of science fiction books, a whole host of Asimov novels, and I'd usually take one and fall asleep trying to read the one I chose. I remember the New York Times always resting on top of the toilet, folded in half and then in half again so that just the crossword puzzle was showing, with a pen resting on top. He would sit in the bathtub in for what seemed like hours, working on the crossword puzzle. I was content to spend time in the bedroom adjoining the bathroom. There was a huge mahogany bureau, with two doors at the top. On the bottom there was a drawer, full of treasures. I had to grab both knobs and lean with all my weight, and work the drawer from side to side to get it open. Inside were red velvet boxes containing mysterious coins, old Air Force paraphernalia, bills and tokens from around the world, and a couple of pocketknives, one of which would be my first pocketknife. The blade couldn't have sliced Wonder Bread, but with it, I could have fought a grizzly bear. I remember most my grandfather's stubble, the five o'clock shadow that showed up closer to two or three o'clock. He would come near me and lean over he was a big man, over six feet tall. He would rub his cheek against mine. I don't know why I loved it but we both laughed. He's the only person I remember ever tickling me. I don't think I'm ticklish anymore. My grandfather had a brain tumor. It was removed with surgery and a shunt was placed in his head, from which fluids could be drained to relieve pressure. He had a bump on his forehead, which I guess was closer to the top of his head considering how far back his forehead reached. I thought he was going to be fine, and for a few months he was. But he had contracted hepatitis in the hospital. It didn't make sense; they got rid of the brain tumor but now they couldn't get rid of this disease. I wasn't allowed to visit him in the hospital; I wasn't old enough. He died on the last day of the year according to the Jewish calendar. It is said that on the first day of the year, God decides who shall live and who shall die in the course of that year. My grandfather held on until the very last day; he lived as much as he could live. When he died, I didn't cry right away. He had always made me happy and I didn't want to cry. My mom thought I wasn't upset. But at night, by myself in bed, I would think about him, and then sometimes I would cry. At the funeral, the World War II veterans folded the flag, saluted, and handed it to my grandmother. After the prayers and eulogy, they lowered him into the ground. I helped bury him. Finally, as I looked at the dirt covering the plain, pine box, I cried. I stood looking at my mother and my uncles and my grandmother sitting underneath the tent. I leaned against my father and buried my face in his side, right between his hip and his rib cage. He

Free Essays on Gladiator

The promotional tag-lines succinctly sketch the plotline and its major movements: "the general who became a slave, the slave who became a gladiator, the gladiator who defied an emperor", "a hero will rise" and "in this life or the next, I will have my vengeance". The Quicktime trailer at the official Gladiator website promises a tougher, pacier and bloodier version of the classic sword-and-sandals epic movie - Quo Vadis with cutting-edge SFX. And these first impressions are not wrong; Gladiator does indeed employ many of the conventions of the Hollywood epic genre. The plot revolves around a decadent, scheming villain (Commodus, played by Joaquin Phoenix) and a rugged, defiant hero (Maximus, played by Russell Crowe). The cinematography is spectacular, there is a cast of thousands (albeit mostly computer-generated), a vision of ancient Rome sliding into decline, tumultuous, shattering battle-scenes, political intrigue, an array of debaucheries ranging from patricide to incest, and the foregrounded savagery of the gladiatorial arena. Like other epics, Gladiator works through "a series of spectacular moments" that can be "traced back to the equestrian shows and circus spectacles which toured Europe and the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century" (Wyke, 1999: website). All the usual ingredients are present, only better constructed; CGI gives the film's reconstruction of ancient Rome visual depth and apparent authenticity; the chariot scenes in the Coliseum are a dazzling rupture of spinning wheels, blades and broken bodies that make the famous chariot race in Ben Hur (1959) seem pedestrian in comparison. Gladiator does everything that Hollywood epics are supposed to do, only Gladiator does it much better. But, for all that it draws upon the visual and thematic lexicon established by its generic precursors, the film's deployment of these conventions is skewed and unsettling. The mood is different; the familiar elements of epic c... Free Essays on Gladiator Free Essays on Gladiator The promotional tag-lines succinctly sketch the plotline and its major movements: "the general who became a slave, the slave who became a gladiator, the gladiator who defied an emperor", "a hero will rise" and "in this life or the next, I will have my vengeance". The Quicktime trailer at the official Gladiator website promises a tougher, pacier and bloodier version of the classic sword-and-sandals epic movie - Quo Vadis with cutting-edge SFX. And these first impressions are not wrong; Gladiator does indeed employ many of the conventions of the Hollywood epic genre. The plot revolves around a decadent, scheming villain (Commodus, played by Joaquin Phoenix) and a rugged, defiant hero (Maximus, played by Russell Crowe). The cinematography is spectacular, there is a cast of thousands (albeit mostly computer-generated), a vision of ancient Rome sliding into decline, tumultuous, shattering battle-scenes, political intrigue, an array of debaucheries ranging from patricide to incest, and the foregrounded savagery of the gladiatorial arena. Like other epics, Gladiator works through "a series of spectacular moments" that can be "traced back to the equestrian shows and circus spectacles which toured Europe and the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century" (Wyke, 1999: website). All the usual ingredients are present, only better constructed; CGI gives the film's reconstruction of ancient Rome visual depth and apparent authenticity; the chariot scenes in the Coliseum are a dazzling rupture of spinning wheels, blades and broken bodies that make the famous chariot race in Ben Hur (1959) seem pedestrian in comparison. Gladiator does everything that Hollywood epics are supposed to do, only Gladiator does it much better. But, for all that it draws upon the visual and thematic lexicon established by its generic precursors, the film's deployment of these conventions is skewed and unsettling. The mood is different; the familiar elements of epic c...

Marketing Mix Strategies in Indian Market Essay - 1

Marketing Mix Strategies in Indian Market - Essay Example It also carries out a brief review of literature on the marketing mix theories and the positioning strategies followed by the two above mentioned products in the Indian market. In India, the marketing mix that is followed within a market is entirely related to the product, price, place and promotional strategies. The general views associated with these four perspectives have been discussed in the following paragraphs: Product, in short, solutions to the customer-base in overall India, refers to the physical good that is circulated in the whole market. In order to get a clear understanding of the product mix, one should be very clear about the concept of a product. Products not only include the physical presence of goods but also encompass services. Generally, a product that is launched into a market has to go through a life cycle which is called the Product Life Cycle (PLC). In order to study the marketing mix, one has to critically analyse every stage of PLC. The stages in a PLC are the introductory phase, the growing phase, the maturing phase and the declining phase. Price, in short, something that the customers need to pay in return of the product, refers to the valuation of that physical good, including its production costs. Price is considered to be very essential element in marketing mix. It is directly proportional to the revenues generated by the Indian economy (Marketing, 2010). Place, which means, accessibility of the customers, refers to the locations or destinations at which the physical goods will be made readily available to the customers. It also refers to the strategies that a product may follow through which it will be made available to the customers either by direct selling through counters or shops, by delivering the product at the destination of the customer.

Turkey Syria Relations Since 1998 Research Paper

Turkey Syria Relations Since 1998 - Research Paper Example The relation in general remained undulating with both countries involved in sabotage and terror activities. The base of this relation was laid with the joining of Hatay Province from Syria to Turkey after referendum under the French mandate in 1939 (Federal Research Division 120). It caused serious anger and revolt in Syrians and this hatred lead to deterioration of relations after the Syrian independence. The relations are made more complicated with each representing different blocks of Islamic sects; Sunni and Shia blocks. The Arabs along with Turkey consist of Sunni majority whereas; Iran and Syria represent the Shia block. Each block is backed by group of countries and strong ties among people are maintained with Islam being the pillar. The relations, however, took new turn in 1998 and a limited period of golden era soon followed. 2. Adana Agreement Adana Agreement was signed in October 1998 and it gave way to efforts for increased cooperation and dialogue among the two countries (Khalilzad, Lesser, and Larrabee 33). Under this agreement, security meetings, hotline, exchange of high level security officials as well as diplomatic missions started. The events that lead to this agreement however, must be discussed to give perspective and insight into current state. 2.1 PKK / Kurdish Nationalist Party Kurds are mainly in the eastern part of Turkey, northern part of Syria and Iraq as well. The total Kurdish population amounts to 22.6 million (Aras 93). They are regarded as ethnic minority but started separatist movement against Turkey in the 1970s. Kemal Ataturk gave very strong fundamentals on which Turkey nationalism is based on. Turks are therefore, extremely rigid on any change in these fundamentals which include one nationality, language and exclusion of religion from governance. These principles by Kemal Ataturk led to the exclusion of Kurds from Turkish society (Sayyid 66). Their language not being Turkish and refusal to abide by Turkish laws for seculari sm lead to evolution of Kurdish opposition groups and hence the formation of PKK. Kurds are known as the largest ethnic minority and they demand separate land to practice their language, traditions and customs. Kurdish language was banned from schools in Turkey and checks were imposed on public use of this language. Bans were even imposed to restrict distribution of Kurdish songs by 1983 (Yildiz and Breau 11). PKK under these circumstances gained attention among Kurds in Syria and Iraq as well. The movement slowly gained momentum and attacks against Turkish military and state security departments started. Kurdish identity was accepted to some extend in 1991 under Prime Minister Turgut Ozal’s government. The ban on Kurdish language was removed, but its wide public use was still restricted (Eickelman and Anderson 192). 2.2 Syrian Support for PKK The shared border area between the two countries is mainly Kurdish majority area. This shared area provided a buffer for the Syrian go vernemnt to support Kurdish movement. Safe havens were provided to Kurdish chain of command along with military support including training camps in the 80s and 90s (Larrabee 14). The issue was recognised by Syria as an opportunity to politicise and form basis to start terror activities agaisnt Turkey. Military support provided to Kurds escalated the issue and isolated attacks on Turkish Military and state security increased particularly in this Kurd majority area. 2.3 Syrian Double Role Security

Learners With Exceptionalities Make Up An Important Education Essay

Learners With Exceptionalities Make Up An Important Education Essay Learners with an exceptionality differ from their peers through their differences in requirements to learning and the classroom environment in regard to factors such as support systems, teaching methods, and social interaction with other learners and teachers. Learners with an exceptionality include those with learning disabilities, communication disorders, intellectual disabilities, behaviour disorders, and also gifted and talented students. Each group needs a special level and type of support for their individual learning needs. Because these learners make up the extreme ends of the learning spectrum, sometimes all areas of a learners schooling life have to be altered to cater for the individual. This can be from an intermittent, part-time basis to the learner requiring full-time support. However, the social interaction can be highly beneficial for students with an exceptionality, (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) and research shows this could be due to activities such as peer tutoring within classes. Because of these learners extra requirements on the teachers and supporting caregivers at school and home, (especially those with disabilities) this can eventually result in not only the search for funding for these learners, but over the long-term a strain on teachers and other learning professionals to create a continual individualized learning programme, unless strategies are implemented to create a positive and effective learning environment for both the learner and teacher. Exceptionality also has implications for the learner in school in terms of the learners relationships with others, but also the implications on the relationships between these individuals. For example, if the classroom environment is becoming stressful because of a students disruptive behaviour disorder, this can create negative relationships between other students parents and the teacher or school professionals. The spill over effect of only some learners needs being addressed can be very negatively impacting, and so encouraging a positive learning environment is essential. There are certain strategies related to the social cognitive theory that can help to create a positive learning environment. Furthermore, these strategies in teaching can be applied to not only students with exceptionalities but also to all students in different contexts of learning environments within schools at all ends of the learning spectrum. These strategies are modelling, vicarious learning, and self regul ation and can all be implemented into classroom applications at school as they help explain how learning happens. Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation are some of the essential processes that are involved in learning, and also in the social cognitive theory. The social cognitive theory explains learning by focusing on behaviour resulting from observing others (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 179). This theory stems from behaviourism, which agrees with the social cognitive theory in three main ways, firstly both theories maintain that experience, the ideas of reinforcement or punishment, and feedback are essential to learning. However, the core elements of the social cognitive theory differs to behaviourism also in three ways, social cognitive theorists define learning as a change in mental processes that creates the capacity to demonstrate different behaviours (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 180) which can be demonstrated in the teaching strategy of modelling, compared to behaviourists who define learning as a change in observable behaviour. Secondly, in the social cognitive theory beliefs, self perceptions and expectations are important. This is evident in the vicarious learning strategy which is strongly linked to expectations of the learner. Thirdly, social cognitive theorists believe that the environment, personal factors and behaviour rely on and affect one another. This is also called reciprocal causation. This is closely interconnected with self regulation, another essential learning tool. The main components of this theory are explained and discussed as teaching strategies which help learners to adapt their behaviour through seeing and interacting with others, therefore promoting a positive classroom environment for all students with and without an exceptionality. The three teaching strategies that are based on the social cognitive theory can be implemented in a school setting in a number of different ways. Firstly, modelling is one of the central concepts of the social cognitive theory and can be a very effective way of teaching, especially in terms of different age groups, different cultures and learners at all ends of the learning spectrum. Modelling refers to observing then making behavioural, cognitive, or affective changes as a result (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 181). Modelling can be taught in three main forms, direct modelling, where the learner simply tries to copy the teachers behaviour. This is especially effective for children with a learning or intellectual disability, as it promotes and encourages learning (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) and also can be particular effective for children in the pre-operational stage as it not only can work well as an effective form of instructional scaffolding, but direct modelling can also be effective when demonstrated through models, simulations, and demonstrations. The hands on approach can be highly effective in encouraging higher order thinking in children with a learning disability. (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) Modelling in general is also important to the learning of students with an exceptionality because it encourages social interaction and development, with the result being cognitive development through accommodation and assimilation (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). Cognitive Modelling encourages social interactions between learners for both the students with exceptionalities and other students, and as the research and views of both Piaget and Vytkey suggest, social integration is essential for learning development. (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 181). This can be demonstrated in the classroom environment by a teachers verbal or written explan ation of the cognitive and thought processes used while solving a problem or applying knowledge to aim for a result. This is also effective because it gives learners an insight into the intrinsic processes of their cognitive development, encouraging them to be self aware. The effects of modelling are large, as learners can acquire new behaviours, use existing behaviours in a new and different way, and their perception of their inhibitions and emotional reactions can also change (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). In a nutshell, modelling encourages learning through its positive effects on attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. Vicarious learning is also an important core concept of the social cognitive theory as it affects students expectations. Expectations are especially important for students with exceptionalities as a safe, supportive and routine environment are all essential factors in contributing to the learning and developmental achievement of these individuals within the school environment. (Buckley, Bird, Sacks Archer. 2006).Vicarious learning is an essential teaching strategy as people tend to imitate behaviour they see in others, so learners with an exceptionality can relate and learn effectively in this environment. This strategy can be implemented in the school or classroom environment by planning, implementing and monitoring rules and procedures in a variety of ways. Visual and written aids, such as charts, wall planners and visual cues can encourage positive and constructive learning behaviour and attitudes, as well as organizing groups within the class and using modelling or hands on acti vities. This has also been shown to lessen the frequency of behaviour problems occurring in some students with a learning disability (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007). Vicarious learning is also a link to another teaching strategy of self regulation, which affects the learners motivation, ability to set goals and take responsibility for their own understanding and learning. By affecting learners expectations of their own ability this can have an effect on their behaviour and their environment. Self regulation requires consistency in teaching, in order for the students themselves to become consistent in self awareness and self monitoring ability. Consistency is also important in the students efforts to monitor their own progress and in their determination to succeed at their desired goals, making them accountable for their own learning. Reflective practice is also necessary for teachers with any strategy in the learning environment. This can be implemented in a variety of ways, such as conducting action research of the classroom environment in order to answer a specific question regarding learners with and/or without an exceptionality. Other ways te achers can use reflective practice is by using a diary or journal, creating aims and goals, testing those aims and goals, monitoring the progress of the students and then reviewing those aims and goals. This is inclusive of teaching self regulation, as it requires the teacher to constantly adapt and develop as the learner does. Understanding the issues for teaching professionals of learners with an exceptionality and their community is vastly important for all stakeholders involved. Openness, communication, knowledge and pedagogical knowledge amongst individuals is especially relevant in regards with decisions and plans relative to the learner, such as the I.E.P. These aspects are important and contributing factors to a learners development. In other words, instructional leadership, and collaboration together are important within a school to ensure the learners needs are met. Furthermore it is also important to note that although inclusive education in New Zealand can be effective with social and diverse benefits; many parents and families are choosing special education due to extensive resources that some inclusive education schooling environments may not have. Implementing the strategies discussed in inclusive education is costly. Adapting teaching strategies and the curriculum requires resources, and fun ding is an issue as there is a high demand from all different sectors such as inclusive versus special schools wanting a piece of the cake. (Eades, Leech Tuenter 2010). This is still being addressed for a number of reasons but could possibly be due to a general awareness of the limitations for learners with an exceptionality, and the effects and impact at large on the greater proportion of all other students in inclusive education. In conclusion, both the teacher and students can benefit from the number of teaching strategies demonstrated by the social cognitive theory. However the present impact on the learner in New Zealand is limited by financial constraints to implement these, and other learning strategies for students with an exceptionality. With a focus on results over reasons, perhaps the future of these learners will see the equal and effective teaching resources of their peers, through a focus on the empathy and understanding of their unique but equally important needs.

Corporate Strategy Essay

Diversification is even more prominent in other parts of the world †¢ Grupos, chaebol, business houses, keiretsu, and so on – Poor corporate strategy is common â€Å"Excite, one of the leading Internet services companies, yesterday [received a] takeover offer from Zapata, a Texas-based group with holdings in marine protein and food packaging companies. Citing the â€Å"excellent fit with Zapata’s new strategic direction,† Avram Glazer, Zapata’s chief executive officer, said the proposed transaction â€Å"makes sense for Excite’s shareholders because of the capital resources that Zapata can bring to Excite. † Financial Times, May 22, 1998 2 What diversified corporation did this become? 3 Decomposition of Variance in Profitability: Evidence from the United States Year 2% Industry 18% Corporate parent 4% Transient 46% †¢ In the U. S. corporate strategy is typically the icing on the cake, not the cake itself – Business units must be competitive on their own merits – †¦in attractive industries †¢ But the icing can make the decisive difference between a good cake and a bad one Business segment 30% Note: Ignores covariance terms; based on 58,132 observations of 12,296 business segments in 628 industries in the United States Source: Anita M. McGahan and Michael E. Porter, â₠¬Å"How Much Does Industry Matter Really? † Strategic Management Journal, 1997 4 Decomposition of Variance in Profitability: Evidence from 14 Emerging Economies †¢ In much of the rest of the world, corporate strategy is more prominent †¢ Membership in a diversified entity has a larger effect on profitability †¢ The effect on profitability is more likely to be positive Source: Tarun Khanna and Jan W. Rivkin, â€Å"Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets,† Strategic Management Journal, 2000 Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Turkey Litmus Test of Corporate Strategy †¢ Is the combination of all businesses of the firm worth more than the sum of how much each business is worth individually? – The answer could be less, e. g. J. C. Penney telemarketing division was worth 3X the market value of the entire firm †¢ When deciding whether or not to acquire another business, you need to decide BOTH – whether you have a competitive advantage running that business – AND how it will contribute to the fit among the other 6 businesses you are running Acrobat Document 7 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. S&P 500, 1984-1994 8 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. S&P 500, 1995-2005 9 Two big problems 1. Growth at all costs: †¢ This is an example of what happens when a solid corporate strategy meets an aggressive growth goal 2. Mismatch between strategy and organizational structure: †¢ You can have a corporation with businesses that are closely connected like the classic Disney businesses and then run the businesses together in a tightly integrated way. That can work. †¢ You can have a corporation with the broader scope of later Disney and run them in a loosely coupled way. That can work. †¢ But if you have a corporation with the broader scope of later Disney and run them like the classic Disney, with heavy-handed management from the top, searching for synergy that doesn’t really exist†¦then you get into trouble. – In 2005, ABC President Robert Iger replaces Eisner 10 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. S&P 500, 2005-2012 11 The Walt Disney Company: Take-aways Core lessons of corporate-level strategy †¢ Competition occurs at the level of the business unit †¢ Corporate strategy is a success or failure to the extent that it enhances business unit competitive advantage – Is the relative gap between WTP and cost larger than it would be otherwise? †¢ Two tests: – Better-off: Does the presence of the corporation in a given market improve the total competitive advantage of business units over and above what they could achieve on their own? (What’s the added value of the corporation? – Ownership: Does ownership of the business unit produce a greater competitive advantage than an alternative arrangement would produce? †¢ A corporation is more likely to pass the tests when it has some shared resource that (a) creates competitive advantage for the business units and (b) is difficult to trade efficiently via the market – E. g. , access to animated characters – Making business units â€Å"better off† sounds easy, but it typically requires sophisticated structures, systems, and processes, plus cultural supports 12 Corporate strategy entails trade-offs Either focus on†¦ or focus on†¦ Guidance on the Projects Overall Grading †¢ The project must cover all three components of the class – Human and Social Capital – Strategy – Multinational Management Components of Grade (NOT equally weighted) †¢ Use of frameworks (most important issue) †¢ Quality of research †¢ Innovativeness/Insight of analysis †¢ Integration of different components of class †¢ Quality of communication 14 †¢ ? of grade will be based on presentation; ? on final project write up †¢ We will also use a peer assessment to adjust the grade for effort put in by each team member

Single Mothers in Poverty

Single Mothers in Poverty Midterm Essay 1 After doing the exercise of creating a budget for a single mother with two kids who is trying to â€Å"make ends meet† on a minimum-wage job, I have come to have so much compassion for those struggling with this dilemma. The odds are highly against a poor woman trying to do her best raising her children on a low-income job, some might even say that it would be impossible to do alone.The hurdles of expensive daycare, the rising cost of housing, the low-availability of welfare for women already working, the demanding natures of jobs which don’t allow for paid medical leave, and the skyrocketing costs of health care, all contribute to the poverty of single mothers. While I was taking a deeper look into this problem, it became abundantly clear to me that this is definitely a big â€Å"public issue† that needs to be addressed from a social policy standpoint. One of the biggest issues facing America today is poverty.One of the single most contributing factors of poverty is single-parent (namely single mother) households. Certainly it’s easy to look at individual families like these and see a string of individual choices. Yet, it goes far beyond â€Å"personal trouble† and is definitely considered to be a â€Å"public issue† (a â€Å"public crisis† one might say). As Mills sates in The Sociological Imagination, â€Å"Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between ‘the personal troubles of milieu' and ‘the public issues of social structure’† (Mills, pg. 2).Let’s zoom out and look at the bigger picture here. â€Å"The poverty rate among children is higher in the United States than in most other major Western industrialized nations† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 44). When looking at the single mothers who raise these children, the poverty rate in the U. S. for these women is far above the average in other high income countries, even though the single mother employment rate in the U. S. is also above the average. Less generous income support programs in the U. S. help explain the exceptionally high poverty rate for single mother families in the U.S (forbes. com). This clearly demonstrates the legitimacy of this being a public issue. It’s true that more and more children are growing up in single parent households, and many of these families struggle to get by. In fact, â€Å"†¦children are more likely to live in poverty than Americans in any other age group† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 44). But that’s not an accident of poor choices: while single parenthood has been skyrocketing, we’ve also been paring back the supports that could help these families stay afloat. Single mothers have an especially hard time getting out of poverty.Households headed by single mothers are four times as likely to be poor as are families headed by married couples (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). Not only that, but, â€Å"Single-parent families are more vulnerable to poverty because there is only one adult income earner, and female heads of household are disadvantaged even further because women in general make less money than men do† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). In fact, â€Å"Families with a female householder and no spouse present were more likely to be poor than families with a male householder and no spouse present, 28. % versus 13. 8%† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 45). And because the majority of single-parent households are headed by single-mothers, this inevitably increases the rate of poverty nationwide. Most of these mothers live in relative poverty, which refers to, â€Å"†¦a situation in which some people fail to achieve the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 40). Take childcare for instance; the high cost of taking care of one’s child is crippling to a single mother making minimum wage and alm ost immediately plummets her into relative poverty.On average, a poor mother spends 32 percent of her total weekly income on child care. This percentage nearly doubles when more than one child needs care (forbes. com). When a family is faced with relative poverty, the affects spread wide. Income loss appears to affect the well-being of children indirectly through negative impact on family relations and parenting. Single parents experience a variety of stressors related to poverty (i. e. , financial, emotional, social). Single mothers must obtain sufficient money to cover the most basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing. Wealth is a particularly important indicator of the individual and family access to life chances. Wealth is a special form of money not used to purchase milk and shoes and other life necessities. More often it is used to create opportunities, secure desired stature and standard of living, or pass class status along to one’s children† (Leon-Guerr ero, pg. 39). So, what about solutions? â€Å"The sociological imagination will also help us make a second connection: the one between social problems and social solutions† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 23).When looking at public issues, the textbook makes it clear that, â€Å"Solutions require social action – in the form of social policy, advocacy, and innovation – to address problems at their structural or individual levels† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 20). It is essential that we take a fresh look at our national policies — and their dismal results. Not only are U. S. poverty rates extremely high, with one out of five children living in poverty (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 40); crime rates are also high, with all the resulting costs not only to crime victims, but to taxpayers in court, prison and other attendant public expenses.Even more costly is the enormous price our nation is paying, and will pay, if we continue not to invest in a remedy to this poverty crisis. So, if single parenthood and poverty are so closely related, some people say, we should spend hundreds of millions of dollars promoting marriage to help children avoid poverty (and other problems). That’s what the government has done, with money from the welfare budget. Even if it worked (which it apparently doesn’t) it’s only one approach. What about reducing poverty?And, more specifically, what about reducing the relative likelihood of poverty in single-parent families versus those with married parents? That is, address the poverty gap between the two groups, rather than the size of the two groups. This has the added advantage of not singling out one group — single mothers — for social stigmatization. And, because it defines the problem as economic rather than moral, may make it easier to build public support for helping the poor. Although, â€Å"Helping our nation’s poor has been an administrative priority of many U. S. presidents† (Leon -Guerrero, pg. 0), the poverty problem does not seem to be getting much better. Maybe we need to change the conversation about we’re facing here. The conversation about single mothers should focus on how the extreme poverty of U. S. woman-headed families is a symptom of failed U. S. policies. And the conversation about the U. S. economy should focus on the urgent need for a caring economy. We are clearly lacking a â€Å"caring economy† when we are compared to other wealthy nations, â€Å"U. S. wage and welfare programs are much smaller than similar programs in other countries† (Leon-Guerrero, pg. 46). Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life. They have to do with the organization of many such milieux into the institutions of an historical society as a whole, with the ways in which various milieux overlap and interpenetrate to form the larger structure of social and historical lifeâ⠂¬  (Mills, pg 2). The issue of poverty clearly stems from the larger structure of social and historical life. It is sad to know that our efforts as a wealthy society are not effectively healing this tragic situation.The poverty level of single mothers affects so many areas of our society as a whole, and our nation’s children get the brunt of it. Not only are they raised poor and impoverished, but their quality of education is compromised, the food they eat is low-quality and unhealthful, and most of them never find their way out of poverty. Writing this paper has truly touched my heart and I long to reach out to single mothers and their children who are desperately in need of compassion and support. More importantly, I would like to reach out this election year and see what I can do to promote the well-being of these mothers who are struggling so hard.Budget Summary for Single Mother in Delta County, Colorado The most recent report for minimum wage in Delta County, Colorado is $7. 25 an hour. The total monthly income for a person working full-time at minimum wage is: $1198 (after taxes). Explanation of calculation: 7. 25 * 40 = 290 (a week) 290 * 52 (weeks in a year) = 15,080 15,080 / 12 (months) = 1256 1256 * . 0463 (income tax rate in Delta County 4. 63%) = 58 1256 – 58 = 1198 Housing Costs| $616| Food Costs| $536| Other Necessities:| | Medical| $412| Clothing| $35| Transportation| $439|Childcare| $996| Phone| $40| Laundry/toiletries/cleaning supplies| $52| School supplies and fees| $20| Appliance and furniture| $17| Miscellaneous| $47| Nonessentials| | Entertainment| $20| Cable| $0| Cigarettes and alcohol| $0| Eat out| $25| Lottery| $5| TOTAL| $3260| *This budget reflects the fact that there is absolutely no public transportation in or around Delta County, so the transportation costs include car payment, insurance, and gas costs. This budget also reflects that I would not invest any money in cable, cigarettes, or alcohol.Also, the cost of ch ildcare for two children in Delta County is exorbitant! At any expense, I couldn’t have my 7 year-old child be a latchkey kid so young. The entertainment and costs of eating out are kept to a minimum. I would (just in case) spend $5 a month on the lottery. Clearly, this mother (hypothetically, me) would be nowhere near making ends meet. I would be living in relative poverty, scraping by every day, living hand-to-mouth, and I would have to be very creative with my time and resources. I would have to make almost TRIPLE what I am currently making in order to live comfortably.Most likely, I would reach out to neighbors, church members, community support groups, food banks, and any other possible resource to keep my head above water. Works Cited Covert, Bryce. â€Å"The Rise and Downfall Of The American Single Mother. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 16 July 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. forbes. com/sites/brycecovert/2012/07/16/the-rise-and-downf all-of-single-mothers/;. Leon-Guerrero, Anna. Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 2011. Print. Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford UP, 1959. Print.